References

Cosmetic surgery's development

We introduced to you the history of Cosmetic Surgery and in this entry we would like to say a few words about Cosmetic Surgery’s development in the past, at the present and in the future.

First, we would like to show some statistics about Cosmetic Surgery. In 2005, there were 10.2 million cosmetic procedures performed in the United States, an increase of 11% from 2004 and a 38% compared with 2000. This number includes 3,839,387 Botox treatments, 1,033,581 chemical peels, 837,711 microdermabrasions, 782,732 laser hair removals, 589,768 vein sclerotherapies (strippings), 323,605 liposuctions, 298,413 rhinoplasties (nose jobs), 291,350 breast augmentations, 230,697 blepharoplasties (eyelid reconstructions), 134,746 abdominoplasties, 114,250 breast reductions, 793 vaginal rejuvenation procedures, 337 calf augmentations, and 206 pectoral implants. Forty percent of those undergoing cosmetic procedures are repeat patients; 34% have multiple procedures at the same time.

Eighty-four percent of patients undergoing cosmetic procedures last year were white; 90% were female. The top 5 minimally invasive procedures among women were Botox injection, chemical peel, laser hair removal, microdermabrasion, and sclerotherapy. The top 5 surgical procedures were breast augmentation, liposuction, nose reshaping, eyelid surgery, and tummy tuck (see below for statistics on males). In 2005, 51% of US cosmetic surgery patients and 69% of patients getting minimally invasive procedures were aged 51 years or older. Two thirds of patients reported family incomes below $50,000. Total physician fees for cosmetic procedures, not including anesthesia, operating room facilities, and other related expenses, were estimated at $9.4 billion.

These statistics have shown that Cosmetic Surgery developed very much in the past and nowadays, this issue is more concerned. If in the past, Cosmetic Surgery is mainly used for improving the lives of millions of patients with congenital malformations (such as cleft lip and cleft palate), disfiguring wounds, animal bites, and profound burn injuries, as well as those requiring reconstruction after surgery for malignancy or other chronic conditions, at present, Cosmetic Surgery makes people look more beautiful and attractive. This leads to the development of other careers such as surgeon, aesthetic consultants …

Finally, the more developed the society become, the more attentive to their appearance people become. Therefore, it is not difficult to predict the development of Cosmetic Surgery in the future.

History of Cosmetic Surgery

Welcome to the research of our group about Cosmetic surgery. Nowadays, this is a “hot” interesting issue. Hope that our group will bring you a lot of information. First, we have researched the history of Cosmetic surgery:

Reconstructive surgery techniques were developed in Indian 1500BC. In 6th century BC, Sushruta who is considered as the father of surgery had a lot of important contributions to this field. In Britain, some physicians moved to Indian to see these surgery techniques. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in Western. In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. And then, plastic surgery spread through Europe.

The ancient Egyptians and Romans also knew this plastic cosmetic surgery. They could perform simple techniques, for example, they can repair damaged ears.

During World War I, plastic surgery techniques were used to repair the deformation of soldiers’ faces caused by war. And the end of World War I, surgeons realized that cosmetic surgery could also use to improve of human beings. From now on, cosmetic surgery becomes popular all over the world.

Outline: Cosmetic Surgery & Society - The Mutual Impacts

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.:: Lệ Khoa::.

Cosmetic Surgery - Hot or not?

Have you ever heard of cosmetic surgery? Is there anyone around you who has been under a cosmetic surgery? We think that all of the answers for these two questions will be "yes" because cosmetic surgery is becoming increasingly more and more acceptable in society and it is a very hot topic nowadays, too.

If you are interested in this topic, could you please spend some times reading our group's posts about it ? We are sure that you will find it is exciting, or at least helpful :).

.: Lệ Khoa:.

Khu du lịch sinh thái văn hóa dân tộc thiểu số Củ Chi

[ mới update ngày 16/6/09 ]

Xe sẽ đến đón lớp ta ở cổng An Dương Vương. Đề nghị bà con 2C thi xong tập trung lại ngay, đi sớm đến sớm ^^ Ai đi xe máy lên trường thì nhớ kiếm chỗ nào gửi xe đc đến chiều tối nha :D


Clik link để bik thêm về nơi lớp mình sắp đến náh :D


Theo danh sách bạn bee đang có thì lớp mình đi 23 người [ tính cả bạn Đen ], chi tiết như sau:

+ 21 người đã đóng tiền.
+ 2 người còn đang nợ [ đề nghị nộp nhanh nhất có thể hí hí ]: Nhiên và bạn bee đáng iu xinh xắn :">


Số tiền mọi ng đóng đã bao gồm tiền xe, tiền vé vào cổng, tiền ăn trưa và tiền nước ^^ Tuy nhiên chưa tính tiền tip cho người đã vất vả đứng ra tổ chức :-" [ hế hế i'm just joking :"> ]


Danh sách phân công nhiệm vụ cao cả:

+ Royal family: chuẩn bị chả lụa [ đã xắt thái j đấy gọn gẽ :X ] và bánh mì.
+ F5: chuẩn bị xúc xích và trò chơi tập thể.
+ Happy family: chuẩn bị trứng cút [ đã luộc ] và trái cây.
+ Fair ladies: Pate, dưa leo và muối tiêu.
+ Bác Vinh là người sẽ lo khâu nước uống cho chúng ta, hí hí

Chi tiết về số lượng cần chuẩn bị đã báo đến đại diện từng gia đình vào lúc sáng nay, sau khi thi Semantics, đề nghị gia đình nào vẫn chưa bik mình phải làm j thì đi kiếm bạn bee gấp :"> Cụ thể là đến bi h chưa thấy mặt em nào thuộc Fair Ladies hết :|


Khi đi đồng bào nhớ mang theo nón, kem chống nắng, áo khoác, dù, máy ảnh, usb nha :X đặc biệt nhà ai có dư báo cũ nhớ mang theo để trải ra khi ăn trưa hehehe


Em xin hết ạ :-* Chúc đồng bào thi tốt để có tinh thần sảng khoái muh đi chơi :X

IC with Prof. Thomas Do Duy

Oscar Wilde - ELIT1

Doan Thanh Phuong
Nguyen Ngoc Nha Trang
Luong Le Khoa
Pham Ho Thanh Hien

Course: English Literature 1
Supervisor: Tran Phuong Hong
May 12, 2009

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (1854-1900) was a poet and also a famous playwright in Ireland. He was well known for his flamboyance and wit, but rejected by many for his unorthodox views and bohemian lifestyle. However, during the height of the Victorian Era sweeping through London in late 19th century, Oscar Wilde wrote a lot of short stories, plays, and poems, which were his rich and dramatic portrayals of the human condition, to inspire million people around the World.

Even when he was young, he already exposed to be a genius. Oscar Wilde studied classics at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1871 to 1874, and was an outstanding student. And then, he won the Berkeley Gold Medal, the highest award available to classics students at Trinity. What’s more, he was awarded a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he continued his studies from 1874 to 1878 and where he became a part of the Aesthetic movement, one of its tenets being to make an art of life. In 1878, he continued to win Newdigate Prize for his poem Ravenna. In November in the same year, he graduated with a double first in classical moderations and Literae Humaniores, or 'Greats'.

In 1881, Oscar Wilde published his first collection of poetry, “Poems”. It received mixed reviews by critics, but helped to move his writing career along.

In 1884, he married Constance Lloyd with two sons. With a family to support, Oscar accepted a job revitalizing the Woman's World magazine, where he worked from 1887-1889. The next six years were to become the most creative period of his life. He published two collections of children's stories, “The Happy Prince and Other Tales” (1888), and “The House of Pomegranates” (1892). His first and only novel, “The Picture of Dorian Gray”, was published in an American magazine in 1890. Oscar's first play, “Lady Windermere's Fan”, opened in February 1892. Its financial and critical success prompted him to continue to write for the theater. His subsequent plays included “A Woman of No Importance” (1893), “An Ideal Husband” (1895), and “The Importance of Being Earnest” (1895). These plays were all highly acclaimed and firmly established Oscar as a playwright.

In the summer of 1891, Oscar Wilde met Lord Alfred Douglas, the third son of the Marquis of Queensberry. This engagement was an event which either ruined or left a deep impression in his life as well as his literary career. They soon became lovers and were inseparable until Oscar Wilde's arrest four years later. Lord Alfred Douglas was well acquainted with his novel “Dorian Gray”, which was published to a storm of critical protest. He expanded the story and had it published in book form the following year. Its implied homoerotic theme was considered very immoral by the Victorians and played a considerable part in his later legal trials.

Blending with homo-sexual relationship between a painter and a young man, “The picture of Dorian Gray” helps readers realize the profound and complexity of human destiny. This novel is about a youth whose features, year after year, retain the same youthful appearance of innocent beauty while the shame of his hideous vices become mirrored on the features of his portrait. Even until now is the life journey of Dorian Gray the riddle for readers to contemplate and appraise.

Dorian Gray is the center character of the story and surrounded by various types of people, and among them, two people that leave great hallmark in Dorian’s soul are painter Basil Hallward and Lord Henry Wotton with two contradictory philosophy of life. All of these three people and the string that links them together will sure have a deep impression in the hearts of readers.

The story begins with the event in which Basil first meets Dorian, and then he becomes obsessed with Dorian’s pure beauty. Being a naive and untarnished man, Dorian brings Basil a new wind of inspiration and helps him realize not only a new kind of art but also his own potential talent, as the portrait of Dorian that Basil paints proves to be his masterpiece.

At first, Basil, through his artistic eyes, helps readers imagine and then adore the beauty that Dorian possesses:

“His beauty is such that art cannot express it”. [Chapter 1]

“'A dream of form in days of thought' …… it is what Dorian Gray has been to me”. [Chapter 1]

“Unconsciously he defines for me the lines of a fresh school, a school that is to have in it all the passion of the romantic spirit”. [Chapter 1]

“Some subtle influence passed from him to me, and for the first time in my life I saw in the plain woodland the wonder I had always looked for and always missed”. [Chapter 1]

Later, Basil is the first one who tries to catch Dorian when he is falling into the abyss of losing himself:

“I want you to lead such a life as will make the world respect you … Don't be so indifferent. You have a wonderful influence. Let it be for good, not for evil.” [Chapter 12]

“You have your position, and your wealth, and all that kind of thing. But position and wealth are not everything. Sin is a thing that writes itself across a man's face. It cannot be concealed.” [Chapter 12]

“It is never too late, Dorian. Let us kneel down and try if we cannot remember a prayer. Isn't there a verse somewhere, 'Though your sins be as scarlet, yet I will make them as white as snow'?” [Chapter 12]

And at last, it is also Basil who lays bare the rotten soul of Dorian through the portrait:

“This is the face of a satyr.” [Chapter 13]

“It has the eyes of a devil.” [Chapter 13]

Basil Hallward is a talented painter although he is somewhat conventionally minded. He always follows rigid principles, as Lord Henry remarks: “Basil puts everything that is charming in him into his work. The consequence is that he has nothing left for life but his prejudices, his principles, and his common sense.” [Chapter 4]. Therefore, while he tries his best to catch Dorian from falling into the abyss of sins, all he received back is just a cold shrug, or even a glacial look from Dorian.

“’Stop, Basil. You are talking about things of which you know nothing’, said Dorian Gray, biting his lip, and with a note of infinite contempt in his voice.” [Chapter 12]

Eventually, the love and the admiration that Basil has for Dorian not only cannot save Dorian’s soul but also results in pain when he sees with his own eyes the tortured portrait of Dorian painted by all his heart and mind. But the utmost misery for Basil surely is when he is killed by the one he adores the best:

“Dorian Gray glanced at the picture, and suddenly an uncontrollable feeling of hatred for Basil Hallward came over him, … The mad passions of a hunted animal stirred within him, and he loathed the man who was seated at the table, more than in his whole life he had ever loathed anything … He rushed at him and dug the knife into the great vein that is behind the ear, crushing the man's head down on the table and stabbing again and again.” [Chapter 13]

The nature of youth is curiosity. They are always willing to discover anything new and they are scared to be chained by social morals. That’s why the philosophy of life said by Basil seems to become obsolete and fiendishly tedious to Dorian, and it cannot have a great influence on him as those from Lord Henry.

It must be a shortcoming if not mentioning Lord Henry Wotton, who leaves a great impact on Dorian’s life. The theories of Lord Henry keep in themselves a combination of rebellious, uncontrollable, and unbridled styles; however, it is able to wake the instinct in Dorian’s nature. With frivolous, superficial but polished words, Lord Henry has led Dorian to new ways of enjoying life:

“Realize your youth while you have it. Don't squander the gold of your days, listening to the tedious, trying to improve the hopeless failure, or giving away your life to the ignorant, the common, and the vulgar… Let nothing be lost upon you. Be always searching for new sensations. Be afraid of nothing... Youth! Youth! There is absolutely nothing in the world but youth!" [Chapter 2]

From this very moment, Dorian is really obsessed by what Lord Henry says to him. He is haunted with the fear of being old and wrinkled: “Youth is the only thing worth having. When I find that I am growing old, I shall kill myself”. Hence, by the time he contemplates the picture of himself, he bursts into tantrum “I am jealous of everything whose beauty does not die. I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me”, and this does lead to a foolish wish of Dorian Gray, which absolutely changes his entire life: “If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that!”

Youth turns up to have the black magic which leads people to the wrong way, and Dorian is not an exception. The words of Lord Henry touch his utmost private thinking and then make him chase blindly the beauty and cherish the illusion of youth. Lord Henry indirectly aims Dorian’s thoughts at the world of things which remain forever; things that model the life ideally. With Lord Henry’s philosophy, Dorian becomes strongly believed in the real beauty of permanent youth.

More than that, while Dorian is floating in the fiendish anguish of losing his first love and diving in an utmost torment of being extremely cruel to Sybil, Lord Henry, on the contrary, forcefully states that “The girl never really lived, and so she has never really died … don't waste your tears over Sibyl Vane” [Chapter 13]. Lord Henry soothes Dorian’s emotion with extraordinary experience, makes his mental pains eventually fades away. Unfortunately, Dorian recovers and comes back to his normal life with an abnormal way of thinking.

From this time, he changes his lifestyle completely. He becomes apathetic and iron-hearted. Nothing can occupy him rather than depraved life and platonic appearance. He tries to experience his lifetime by all he possesses. And, he also wishes to preserve his beauty. Time has no right to do anything on him. Everyone has to praise his innocence; they are going to jealous and envy his permanent elegance. And he will look at them with his contemptuous compassion, and merely thinking of it could be enough to satisfy him. Occasionally, he laughs at himself in the portrait, as if it has gathered all the guilt in this world, but he has not.

“The very sharpness of the contrast used to quicken his sense of pleasure. He grew more and more enamoured of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul. He would examine with minute care, and sometimes with a monstrous and terrible delight, the hideous lines that seared the wrinkling forehead or crawled around the heavy sensual mouth, wondering sometimes which were the more horrible, the signs of sin or the signs of age. He would place his white hands beside the coarse bloated hands of the picture, and smile. He mocked the misshapen body and the failing limbs.” [Chapter 11]

Why does Dorian become that kind of person?

Which causes deform the pure and holy nature of Dorian?

Who ruins his life?

A mass of questions runs across the readers’ minds. Is Basil, or Lord Henry, or Dorian himself the answer for those questions? Is Dorian just the victim of the vanity of human ambition at that time?

From the early pages of the story till the last ones, as the readers can see, Dorian’s thinking surprisingly changes. Every time he conducts his thought, there is always one person by his side; that is Lord Henry. The day Dorian meets Lord Henry through a mutual friendship makes a dramatic turning point in Dorian’s soul. This is the beginning of the end for Dorian because Lord Henry’s influence pollutes his mind.

Lord Henry is a dandy who has sung the praise of the Individualist theory. “He played with the idea and grew wilful; tossed it into the air and transformed it; let it escape and recaptured it; made it iridescent with fancy and winged it with paradox”. He advises Dorian to enjoy life to its fullest, to give way to every temptation, to realize his every fantasy — but not to allow any experience to arrest the pursuit of his pleasure.

However, above all, Lord Henry should not be convicted of being the origin of all sins. He prizes individualism, which allows one to live one's life boldly, freely, and according to one's own edicts. Frankly, Lord Henry is just a person who can penetrate Dorian’s intrinsic characteristics and make him dare to look straight into his true feelings.

Dorian Gray, at the opening of the novel, exists as something of an ideal: he is young and appealing. His pure beauty gives Basil an inspiration in art, and it also provokes the curiosity in Lord Henry’s nature. Dorian might have had a bright future if he does not venerate the vanity of beauty and youth too much, and then slipping along erroneousness.

The platonic beauty in Dorian raises an interesting experiment to Lord Henry which makes him decides to discover how far he can dominate this young boy by his own theory of life. And this is the very time Dorian says good-bye to the part of saint and comes along with the part of devil existing simultaneously in his soul. He is too feeble to deny the attractiveness of youth.

At the time he notices the nuances in his portrait, far from improving himself to be a better one, he uses it to hide his true colors. Little by little, while Dorian is being satisfied with his lustful longings, the picture becomes nauseating and nasty:

“The surface seemed to be quite undisturbed and as he had left it. It was from within, apparently, that the foulness and horror had come. Through some strange quickening of inner life the leprosies of sin were slowly eating the thing away. The rotting of a corpse in a watery grave was not so fearful”. [Chapter 13]

Dorian, from this time on, gradually turns into a totally different person. His life is full of self content, ill thinking, and lustful desires. Dorian does not know that, day by day, he unconsciously let the devil nibble his soul. He dives in the extremely large life of sin, vanity and illusion. He bursts into laughter ironically on all the immoral things he has done, which no one can find out. This secret which only he holds the key will never be exposed. He lives to fulfill the life which originally is tedious to him. Nevertheless, what will come will have to come. In hypocrisy has Dorian worn the mask of goodness for a long time, and in the end, he decides to put it off. He no longer wants the portrait to go after him as a horrible haunt. The picture must be demolished to give him freedom in mind. It will die, taking with it the past, the bad and sin. Therefore, the knife which was once cruelly used to kill Basil, now is taken again to kill the very monstrous soul-life of Dorian. And, concurrently, it is the slash of knife that brings him to death, ending a life bewildered in conscience and greed.

Dorian Gray is the spirit of the story. Through his journey of life, the modernist thinking of Oscar Wilde is revealed evidently.

In his own work, Oscar Wilde has given prominence to the principle of aestheticism, or the philosophy of art. Throughout “The picture of Dorian Gray”, the beauty displays its latent power. It unintentionally plays very well its own role as a dumb, invisible actor. No one can see it; none has a chance to touch it; but the readers are able to “feel” it. It puts its influence on each character: make them feel the extreme euphoria, force them to contemplate the value of themselves, and then torment them in the despair of not being capable of preserving their beauty. The beauty and youth seem to be the place in which Dorian Gray, the protagonist, wants to hide his head in the sand. He evades the facts that when time goes by, the beauty and youth also slowly lose their halo. He makes an attempt to go against that principle of nature. He dedicates himself into vanity interests of studying beautiful things. Dorian Gray is sunk in debauchery, cherishes illusions of a permanent beauty. The youth blinds Dorian with its bright shine. In a society that compliments the beauty so highly, youth and beauty become a charisma worth appreciating. They remain to be definite essence of life. In spite of how much one has to pay for, people still spend what they have just to possess a “forever youth” and an “everlasting beauty”. Dorian gains both, although he must repay an exceedingly high price, the soul and conscience of his own. The pen of Oscar Wilde has carved out a perfect portrait of human being in which he has to fight with himself on the way of finding the real nature of beauty. That is the struggle with no happy ending as the whimsy of fate.

The tragedy of Dorian Gray can make a big question for the readers. From an innocent and pure man, Dorian becomes degenerated into the depths of despair and lust. It is claimed that Lord Henry is the root cause of that deterioration. Lord Henry is blamed for the role he might have played in the downfall of his audience. Under Lord Henry’s influence, he begins corrupting other youth himself. Dorian Gray tends to depend on flowery words Lord Henry speaks out. Is it Lord Henry who involves Dorian in paradox situation of beauty and youth? The answer is absolutely not. Lord Henry, a nobleman, a sophisticated man with experiences in his life deliberately evoke the curiosity sleeping deeply in Dorian’s instinct. But Henry only helps Dorian open the secret door to see through the mind, not results in misdeed behaviors of Dorian afterwards. Oscar Wilde spares a question for all the readers. Even though the impacts of others people do whatever on you, it is you who have to be responsible for our own actions. The author would like to get the message across to human beings, especially the youth, that: “You have to stand on their own feet by any costs. Things surrounding: beauty, youth, sexual sensation,… are all vanity. Do not let them blight your soul. Do not be dead even when you are alive.”

The attraction of the story lies not only behind the human ideology but also in the language Oscar Wilde used. Language, in Oscar Wilde’s work, is capable of transmitting practically any kinds of information. It is the material substance of literature which consists of colors and sounds due to the existence of expressive means and stylistic devices.

Reading each work of Oscar Wilde, readers cannot deny his talent and cleverness in terms of using beautiful language. The beauty does not stay in giving complexity to the simplicity of the emotions and motivations but in his individual and creative choice of the resources of language. Oscar Wilde wrote a lot of works and paid considerable attention to the means of expressing emphasis, especially literary devices, and this explains why his style is unforgettable and recognizable as a unique and original one.

The most famous short story of Oscar Wilde we would like to mention is “The Happy Prince”. He used literary devices, such as image and simile to describe the statue on a tall column that was called Happy Prince: “He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he had two bright sapphires and a large red ruby glowed on his word-hilt”, and “The ruby shall be redder than a red rose, the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea”. The way the writer described impresses profoundly the readers. Besides, he also used these devices to depict the street when it was covered in white snowflakes: “The street looked as if they were made of silver, they were so bright and glistening; long icicles like crystal daggers hung down from the eaves of the houses”. Through his use of original language, Oscar Wilde exposed the beauty of street under an imaginative and creative art view.

In addition, in this story, when Happy Prince “was alive and had a human heart” in the Palace of Sans Souci, everything appeared to him with excitement and euphoria. However, he saw all the poor families in his city. At that time, he said, “So I lived and so I died”. This sentence is a good example of one device: antithesis. This device is based on relative opposition that arises out of the context through the expansion of objectively contrasting pairs. Also, it is always accompanied by parallelisms. Through this device as well as the statue’ statement, we recognize that only when we live for others can we have real happiness. Life will absolutely become better if everyone knows how to share with people beside us.

Oscar Wilde’s literary devices were expressed in not only his novel and short stories but also his plays. With the production February 14th, 1895 of “The importance of being Earnest”, Wilde achieved his greatest theatrical triumph. This play was very witty with many epigrams and paradoxes. It was written without any pretension to the psychological depth. The play was the light and merry farce-comedy. All its intrigues are based on the homonyms, for example, “Earnest" - adjective means “serious” and the proper name - "Earnest". Through the play’s title and this example “Algernon: You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life”, we can see that his original pun is a special feature in the way Oscar Wilde used language.

As having been said above, in addition to the stylistic devices, the language beauty is also revealed in the existence of expressive meaning. Oscar Wilde sent us the sufficiently profound meanings through his literal terms while his each word, each sentence was more meaningful than whatever it was. One piece of evidence to prove this point is that in the novel “The picture of Dorian Gray”, Oscar Wilde wrote: "We are punished for our refusals. Every impulse that we strive to strangle broods in the mind, and poisons us. The body sins once, and has done with its sin, for action is a mode of purification… Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden to itself, with desire for what its monstrous laws have made monstrous and unlawful. It has been said that the great events of the world take place in the brain. It is in the brain, and the brain only, that the great sins of the world take place also" or “My dear boy, you are really beginning to moralize. You will soon be going about like the converted, and the revivalist, warning people against all the sins of which you have grown tired. You are much too delightful to do that.... As for being poisoned by a book, there is no such thing as that. Art has no influence upon action. It annihilates the desire to act. It is superbly sterile. The books that the world calls immoral are books that show the world its own shame.”

In addition, we can also find the expressive meanings of Oscar Wilde's works in his series of short stories; “The devoted friend” is such an example. This one is about the value of friendship which is explained in the recounting of the Water Rat about the tale of the Miller and Little Hans. The story, although it was intentionally oriented towards children, has appealed people of all ages because of the true friendship disclosed with its simple and easily understood words. While reading it, readers can imagine a beautiful scene in their minds thanks to his beautiful way of describing the sights, such as “Sweet-william grew there, and Gilly-flowers, and Shepherds'-purses, and Fair-maids of France. There were damask Roses, and yellow Roses, lilac Crocuses, and gold, purple Violets and white. Columbine and Ladysmock, Marjoram and Wild Basil, the Cowslip and the Flower-de-luce, the Daffodil and the Clove-Pink bloomed or blossomed in their proper order as the months went by, one flower taking another flower's place, so that there were always beautiful things to look at, and pleasant odours to smell” or “He had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers and his tail was like a long bit of black india-rubber”...

Readers will certainly be interested in sentences which sound interesting and meaningful "Flour is one thing, and friendship is another, and they should not be confused. Why, the words are spelt differently, and mean quite different things", "Anybody can say charming things and try to please and to flatter, but a true friend always says unpleasant things, and does not mind giving pain. Indeed, if he is a really true friend he prefers it, for he knows that then he is doing good" or "Love is all very well in its way, but friendship is much higher."... From those things, there is no doubt that his way of using words and expressing ideas is another way that makes Oscar Wilde's language more beautiful.

Oscar Wilde, as an unconventional author of the late 19th century, made a considerable contribution to the literature of his time. Up till now, there have been a huge number of books and articles written on him, reflecting on his life and devotion since his death over a hundred years ago. Being a celebrity in his own time, Oscar Wilde’s indelible influence will remain as strong as ever and keep the audiences captivated in perpetuity.

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Stress - Causes and Effects

Stress - Causes and Effects

"Nothing gives one person so much advantage over another as to remain always cool and unruffled under all circumstances."

—Thomas Jefferson

Do you feel satisfied with your daily life all the time? Are you always full of energy for your work and family? Is it the true that you have never experience any boredom and tiredness in this modern world? If the answers for these questions are “Yes”, I am sure that you will be considered as a “hanh tinh”. According to World Health Organization, an estimated 98% of adults living in big cities all over the world currently suffer from depression. Do you find enough confidence to be one of 2% left who are very lucky not to have been in that confused situation?

In this hustle and bustle life, being stressed seems to be the tendency of city-dwellers. To some extent, it has made itself to become an unevitable aspect in the life of each person. Knowing the causes and its effects can help you not only minimize harmful impacts it gives you, but also protect your family and even yourself from trouble unworthy of having.

Stress is defined as a feeling of tension or strain that can be caused by many different things. People differ from one another in many aspects; so do problems causing stress for each one. It's quite hard to identify exactly what are the causes of stress, because what can make this person stressed might not cause stress in another one. However, psychologists in Harvard Medical School divided the causes of stress into 2 main fields: personal and social–job causes.

Personal causes are those which connect with your own, not from something outside. Emotional matter is one of them. You can observe it very easily in real situations since it obtains the chance to appear frequently. It is the major cause and rather hard to avoid. Each of you has a close friend to share your feeling, to be happy and upset with each other. But how many of you have a friend who can understand thoughts and confidences even when you cannot expose? Do they always be by your sides whenever you feel sad, or despair? At that time, you cannot express yourself directly, you feel as if everyone is out of your reach. The anger, depression or guilt you cannot confide are firmly sticked in your mind. It’s just the time for you to “explode”, in the same way that a dormant volcano begins to erupt.

The relationships in your daily lives that cause stress also are a part of personal matters. Sometimes a conflict with another person is inevitable. The other person may even have a conflicting agenda against your own objective. Breaking with your girl friend, having quarrels with your friends, or being lack of support from family appear to be the most frequent things that throw you into stress. The more isolated you feel, the more stress you have to bear. Perhaps no one can overcome those stresses easily.

Contrary to personal causes are social causes. Social problems relate to quite a large number of smaller problems. Job affair used to be considered as the biggest threat to mental illnesses, including stress. In this developing era where talent is equal to gold, many companies and employers require their employees facilitated with skills and qualifications as many as possible. Also, society is believed to be very competitive. Being a citizen in it means that you have to try a lot to catch up with your colleagues, finish all the tasks assigned, and cope with unpredicted difficulties. You must make decision yourself what to be the most effective way to deal with problems and how to solve subtly. It needs you to exert yourself to make ends efficiently. The feeling of being exhausive and overloaded becomes a haunt to you. In some cases, you like to bang your head against brick wall. Moreover delicated tasks add to you stress very much. The pressure of work takes you into the tunnel you don’t know the way to get out of.

When you are too ambitious, stress finds it easy to come in your mind. To fulfil your own dreams, there is a need for you to plan and fix the goals beforehand. Nothing seems to be bad. However, if you fail to achieve what you have scheduled, it will be very dangerous. The most hazardous enemy of yours apparently does be yourself. And it’s you, not someone else, causes you stressful.

Nonetheless, stresses are not all negative. Some scientists said that “The words 'positive' and 'stress' may not often go together”. But, there is still surprise in real life where stress plays a key factor to the success of people. To be under stress sometimes stimulates you to do work better. A considerable number of achievements have been obtained throughout the pressure of stress. Scientists put themselves in high stressed level to bring mysterious phenomena into light. Business men work together with stress to produce the profit for their companies. Even students like us, although we dislike doing jobs piled up, feel that stress can inspire us to do our best and perform better.

Sudha Chandran, an Indian danseus, lost both of her legs in an accident. But, the physical and social inadequacies gave her more impetus to carry on with her dance performances with the help of prosthetic legs rather than deter her spirits.

According to stress researcher Hans Selye, stress in moderate doses, are necessary in life. He claimed that stress responses are one of the body's best defense systems against outer and inner dangers. “In a risky situation (in case of accidents or a sudden attack on life at all), body releases stress hormones that instantly make you more alert and your senses become more focused. The body is also prepared to act with increased strength and speed in a pressure situation. It is supposed to keep you sharp and ready for action”. Many people believed that the faster speed of stress can motivate and support the health to have much better mental and physical ability to confront obstacles in life. In addition, it is able to wake up latent power, if it reaches the suitable level.

Stress is not a trivial matter to face up to. In other words, it takes time, much time to deal with. Even though stress influences your lives very much, and you can imagine its causes in your mind, it is still a major hindrance to predict and avoid. Once you cannot make changes of it, the only thing you should do is to adjust yourselves to unforeseeable matters. Hope you to be strong enough to experience and overcome stress happily and less distressingly.

What is your definition of True Love ?

Topic: WHAT IS YOUR DEFINITION OF TRUE LOVE ?

A true thing is something touchable that you can clearly see and feel. How about something intangible whose reality you can never touch but only believe and feel to the deepest of your breath ?

Love is hard to define. According to dictionary’s definition, Love is a strong passionate affection for another person. According to Biblical definition, “Love is patient and kind; Love is not jealous or boastful; it is not arrogant or rude. Love does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice at wrong, but rejoices in the right. Love bears all things; believes all things; hopes all things; endures all things.”

Only three words “I love you” seem to be able to help one express his feeling for the one he loves, but just a few words can never be enough to help one define what Love really is. Therefore, people always try to reach for the meaning of True Love although they may need to spend several time, or even all the time of their whole life on searching.

Few days ago, while surfing the internet in hope of figuring out a quite satisfactory definition of Love, I accidentally came across a short story which really touched my heart. It is a true story that did happen in Japan...

A man was tearing down his wooden wall in a plan to renovate his 10-year-old house while he suddenly found a lizard stuck in the hollow space between the wall layers because the nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. Then when he checked the nail, it turned out to be nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built.

At that moment, the man was quite confused. He wondered how this lizard could survive in such a position for 10 years, in a dark wall partition without moving a single step, so he decided to pause his work and observed the lizard. Later, not knowing from where it came, he saw another lizard appear with food in its mouth.

He was stunned and at the same time, touched deeply. Another lizard had been feeding the stuck one untiringly for 10 years long without giving up hope on its partner.

As people always say, Love can perform miracles!

Even a small creature like a lizard, which surely doesn’t know the definition of Love, and will never do, can love like that. Then why people always waste their time wondering about and searching for the answer to their question about Love without noticing that sometimes Love is just hiding underneath simplest and littlest things they do to or make for others? And Love itself does not have a particular definition, each person will have their own one.

Frankly speaking, at the age of 20, I myself have never ever experienced the taste of Love before. However, for what I have got through reading novels, or watching films, or observing people around me, I believe that “Love doesn't make the world go around. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile.” [Franklin P. Jones ].

In my own opinion, my parents' love for each other is a real example of a True Love. Since they were together, they have learned to look beyond the problems and doubts and realize that no matter what task may come to hand, their love can find a way through it. Together they have given me a happy family, a happy life. The Love that my parents keep for each other is not too enthusiastic like it usually is in novels that I read, there are not too many sweet-covered words either. Their Love is merely gentle but unshakable. And I strongly believe that nothing out there will be able to separate them. And the Love like this, to me, is a real True Love.

However, Love is not always sweet and easy, it is not for the hearts which are afraid of breaking, nor for the souls which fear for dying, as Marc Levy once said “There are some pains of love that time cannot erase, they leave deep in smile such scars that will never be healed.” [Vous revoir – 2005]. Love sometimes needs to be challenged before coming to the happy ending. Even so, no matter how hard it is, just to love and to be loved is a great happiness in one’s life.

After all, although there is still no really satisfactory definition for True Love, one will surely be able to acknowledge it when it comes to him, because True Love is something intangible whose reality one can never touch but only believe and feel to the deepest of his breath.

Love story - Taylor Swift

We were both young when I first saw you
I close my eyes
And the flashback starts
I'm standing there
On a balcony in summer air

See the lights
See the party, the ball gowns
I see you make your way through the crowd
And say hello, little did I know

That you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
And I was crying on the staircase
Begging you please don't go, and I said

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

So I sneak out to the garden to see you
We keep quiet 'cause we're dead if they knew
So close your eyes
Escape this town for a little while

'Cause you were Romeo, I was a scarlet letter
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
But you were everything to me
I was begging you please don't go and I said

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

Romeo save me, they try to tell me how to feel
This love is difficult, but it's real
Don't be afraid, we'll make it out of this mess
It's a love story baby just say yes
Oh oh

I got tired of waiting
Wondering if you were ever coming around
My faith in you is fading
When I met you on the outskirts of town, and I said

Romeo save me I've been feeling so alone
I keep waiting for you but you never come
Is this in my head? I don't know what to think
He knelt to the ground and pulled out a ring

And said, marry me Juliet
You'll never have to be alone
I love you and that's all I really know
I talked to your dad, go pick out a white dress
It's a love story baby just say yes

Oh, oh, oh, oh
'Cause we were both young when I first saw you

The Girl who played Go

The Girl who played Go – Shan Sa

To choose a novel, which I have to admit that I love the most, among many other impressive novels available in my bookshelf, is really difficult. And more difficult than that is to write about this one in order to express my own feeling just within 500 words. In fact, I myself love reading happy-ending novels which are like the fairy tales: eventually the prince and the princess will be able to live happily forever with each other. And frankly speaking, I intended to write about this kind of books when I received this assignment. But after quite a long time considering, I decided to write about a novel written by a Chinese author, which actually doesn't have any happy ends for any characters at all. This novel is The girl who played Go, written by Shan Sa.

The Girl who Played Go is told in alternating chapters, by a sixteen-year-old Chinese girl living in a Manchurian town in the late 1930s and a Japanese soldier who eventually comes to be posted there. It seems that they have nothing in common. The girl, at the age of an adolescent, is more concerned with intimations of her own womanhood than the escalating hostilities between her countrymen and their Japanese occupiers. The soldier, who is bound by his family-esteem, is busy following his desire to devote all his life for his beloved country. However, because of the fate, when the Japanese soldier is sent there undercover, dressed up like a Chinese man, they meet each other. They spend their time playing the Go with each other in the Square of a Thousand Winds, they observe each other, and they note the changes each other is going through. Through the Go, they can understand each other, they can read the mind buried deep down inside each other, but they never get into any sort of conversation, even just exchange their names.

During their time enjoying the game of Go, they seem to forget about the cruel world outside with a lot of problems and misery they have to face up to, as the soldier says: "[...] when I am in the middle of a game of Go, I am completely intoxicated and cut off from the outside world.". They seem to be like that forever. They may keep returning day after day to continue their game if the Japanese do not capture many of the insurgents, which affects both of the go-players. The girl is worried about her fate and eventually, she moves to action. She leaves her hometown, and also leaves her youth there. At this moment in time, the two are separated. They are separated to prepare for a miserable meeting in the future, which is surely unexpected.

To me, this book is not an easy one to read. It reveals a horrible and disordered period which is full of conflicts: the conflicts between the two different people yearning to belong to each other but cannot, the conflicts between China and Japan, the conflicts that progresses locally in those same small moves as a game of Go does, which all make my mind occupied after reading. But there is one truth that cannot be denied: Shan Sa has succeeded in creating such a beautiful story like this.

It is beautiful in the way Shan Sa describes the ideal, the iron will of a soldier who strives for devoting all his life to his beloved country without any fear of dying.

It is beautiful in a normal-but-not-peaceful life of a girl who is in the middle of adolescent and adult.

It is beautiful in the way the Mother of the soldier sacrifices her own happiness for her country [ her husband and her sons all leave the family to join the army ]. She must be the symbol of the typical Japanese women.

It is beautiful in many other characters such as Man, Kinh, Duong, who are full of enthusiasm. They love with all their hearts, and they never hesitate to devote their youth to protect their own country. They pass away but their deaths will forever remain in the minds of readers.

And there still have more and more people who make this story so beautiful. It is so beautiful that even I don't understand why I cannot breathe while reading some last pages of this novel. It is not until the end that I can realize that the two main characters haven't had their names mentioned yet. To the girl, the soldier is just " a Stranger ", and to the soldier, the girl is just simply " a Chinese Girl ". This small detail seems to be so big when it makes me feel lost, just like they will disappear for ever and I can never find these two persons once again. And due to this fact, it hurts me a lot when the two of them meet each other again, but the first time with their real conditions.

"Do you realize me?" says the soldier.

"Don't be afraid, I will follow you. I will protect you in the Neverland." says the soldier.

"I know that we will continue playing our game in that place far far away." says the soldier.

"In order to see my beloved one, I did try to keep my eyes opened." says the soldier. And these are his last words. Till then, they haven’t been able to exchange their names yet.

Frankly speaking, up till now, I myself don't really know whether this is a happy end or not. Anyway, eventually, they can live happily with each other in the Neverland. And as the soldiers says, I believe that they will be able to continue their incomplete game there, and to begin playing many other ones, forever and ever.